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Kowner, Rotem. "Bibliography". From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European Racial Thought, 1300–1735, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014, pp. 511-615. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773596832-018

Kowner, R. (2014). Bibliography. In From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European Racial Thought, 1300–1735 (pp. 511-615). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773596832-018

Kowner, R. 2014. Bibliography. From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European Racial Thought, 1300–1735. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, pp. 511-615. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773596832-018

Kowner, Rotem. "Bibliography" In From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European Racial Thought, 1300–1735, 511-615. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773596832-018

Kowner R. Bibliography. In: From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European Racial Thought, 1300–1735. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press; 2014. p.511-615. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773596832-018

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The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for the western part, which is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean.

Its territory is on both sides of the lower reaches of the Gambia River, which flows through the centre of the country and empties into the Atlantic. The national namesake river demarcates the elongated shape of the country, which has an area of 11,300 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) and a population of 2,769,075 people in 2024 which is a 2.30% population increase from 2013. The capital city is Banjul, which has the most extensive metropolitan area in the country. The second and third-largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.

Arab Muslim merchants traded with native West Africans in The Gambia throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. In 1455, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to enter The Gambia, although they never established significant trade there. The British Empire established a colony in 1765. In 1965, 200 years later, The Gambia gained independence under the leadership of Dawda Jawara. Jawara remained the president winning several elections until he was overthrown by Yahya Jammeh in a bloodless 1994 coup.

Adama Barrow was elected as The Gambia's third president in the December 2016, he defeated Yahya Jammeh with the help of a coalition of other opposition political parties. Jammeh initially accepted the results, but then refused to leave office claiming he was cheated, triggering a constitutional crisis. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) conducted a military intervention and achieved Jammeh's removal two days after his term was initially scheduled to end.

The Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing, and especially tourism. In 2022, 17.2% of the population lived in extreme poverty, def

Many Europeans have long exhibited a fascination with the African continent.  However their knowledge of Africa was often incorrect or incomplete.  In the following article University of Cincinnati historian John K. Brackett describes the Italian idea of Africa during the 15th and 16th Centuries.

An African or person of African descent traveling or living in Italy, and reflecting on personal experience, might wonder how the African continent and its peoples have been imagined by Italians across time. Since my field of teaching and research is the Italian Renaissance, I have been drawn back to that period of roughly 1450-1630. There are two types of sources to plumb for this historical information: learned histories, world maps, records of reputed travels in Africa by European and Islamic travelers on the one hand; memoirs, reports or travelogues, which are documents recording actual experience with Africa and Africans by explorers, traders and travelers on the other. Learned sources of the type familiar to Renaissance humanists extend back in time to Greek and Roman antiquity, to Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, and Ptolemy. Non-elites, especially sailors, would also have relied upon coastal navigational maps, portolani, and their personal experiences in face-to-face encounters as travelers. We must remind ourselves that in this remote time period there was no Italy, no Europe. Instead, the people defined themselves as Christians, and all of the polities of Europe formed a bastion of Christendom. Beyond that self-designation, Italians lived in a geographical space called Italy which, in ancient Rome, had once raised a great civilization. But in the Renaissance, a patchwork of polities produced many races or razze, who also spoke many languages (local dialects). These groupings cordially disparaged each other. The Florentines, Pisans and Sienese shared a mutual dislike for each other that was expressed in racialist terms. Africa and its peoples were seen in much the

Island country in West Africa

This article is about the African country. For other uses, see Cape Verde (disambiguation).

"Cabo Verde" redirects here. For other uses, see Cabo Verde (disambiguation).

Cape Verde (, VURD(-ee)) or Cabo Verde (KAH-boh VUR-day, KA