Sophie de condorcet biography of barack

Condorcet was born in Ribemont, Picardy on September 17, 1743 and died in Bourg-la-Reine on March 29, 1794. He was a mathematician, a philosophe (he was friends D'Alembert, Voltaire, and Turgot), permanent secretary of the French Academy of Sciences (from 1776), and a politician during the French Revolution (he was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1791 and later appointed its President, then a member of Convention in 1792). He was active in a number of committees which drew up legislation during the Revolution (especially on public education and constitutional reform) but became a victim of Jacobin repression when the liberal Girondin group was expelled from the Convention. After a period of hiding in late 1793, during which he wrote his most famous work Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (July 1793-March 1794), he was arrested and died under suspicious circumstances. It is possible he committed suicide or was murdered by the Jacobins.

Condorcet was educated at a Jesuit school in Rheims and received a rigorous scientific education at the College of Navarre at the University of Paris. His initial research was in the areas of calculus and probability theory, but he later attempted to apply mathematics to the study of human behaviour and political organisations in order to create a "social arithmetic of man". His Essai sur l'application de l'analyse à la probabilité des decisions rendues à la pluralité des voix (1785) was an attempt to show how the mathematics of probability could be used to make political decision making more rational and hence more enlightened. Condorcet wrote articles on this subject for a Supplement to Diderot's Encyclopedia (1784-89).

When Turgot became Controller-General and attempted to free up the grain trade and deregulate the French eco

French playwright and activist (1746–1793)

Olympe de Gouges (French:[ɔlɛ̃pdəɡuʒ]; born Marie Gouze; 7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793) was a French playwright and political activist. She is best known for her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen and other writings on women's rights and abolitionism.

Born in southwestern France, de Gouges began her prolific career as a playwright in Paris in the 1780s. A passionate advocate of human rights, she was one of France's earliest public opponents of slavery. Her plays and pamphlets spanned a wide variety of issues including divorce and marriage, children's rights, unemployment and social security. In addition to her being a playwright and political activist, she was also a small time actress prior to the Revolution. De Gouges welcomed the outbreak of the French Revolution but soon became disenchanted when equal rights were not extended to women. In 1791, in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, de Gouges published her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, in which she challenged the practice of male authority and advocated for equal rights for women.

De Gouges was associated with the moderate Girondins and opposed the execution of Louis XVI. Her increasingly vehement writings, which attacked Maximilien Robespierre's radical Montagnards and the Revolutionary government during the Reign of Terror, led to her eventual arrest and execution by guillotine in 1793.

Biography

Birth and parentage

Marie Gouze was born on 7 May 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne), in southwestern France. Her mother, Anne Olympe Mouisset Gouze, was the daughter of a bourgeois family. The identity of her father is ambiguous. Her father may have been her mother's husband, Pierre Gouze, or she may have been the illegitimate daughter

1. Political Context

Gender equality was not the only controversial cause espoused by Condorcet: Even before publicly addressing the woman question, he argued vociferously for the humanity and rights of enslaved Africans, and proposed the abolition of slavery in France’s overseas colonies. His 1781 work Réflexions sur l’esclavage des nègres [Reflections on Black Slavery] helped incite the abolitionist movement in France, which came together in early 1788 in the newly created Société des Amis des Noirs [Society of the Friends of Blacks], of which Condorcet became president in January 1789: a counter-lobby to the influential pro-planter Club Massiac. Condorcet published actively throughout the 1780s and later drafted numerous legislative bills for the National Assembly on the question of colonial reform and the slave trade. In addition, he advocated for freedom of commerce, the rights of religious minorities, and criminal law reform. He considered neither sodomy nor suicide as crimes because they “do not violate the rights of any other man”, unlike rape, which “violates the property which everyone has in her person” (“Notes on Voltaire [1789]”, in Condorcet O’Connor and Arago 1968 [orig. 1847–9], vol. IV, 561, 563, 577, cited in McLean and Hewitt 1994, 56). He believed in the right of a woman to plan her pregnancies. His views on female education were especially progressive for his time, as he proposed that girls be educated alongside boys within universal, co-educational institutions; and he would have provided for women’s admission to all professions for which they showed talent.

Feminist, abolitionist, and, in his final years, a democratic republican, Condorcet acted in public life to expand the claims of justice, morality, and human rights. Friend, protégé and

French philosopher and mathematician (1743–1794)

"Condorcet" redirects here. For other uses, see Condorcet (disambiguation).

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis of Condorcet (; French:[maʁiʒɑ̃ɑ̃twannikɔladəkaʁitamaʁkidəkɔ̃dɔʁsɛ]; 17 September 1743 – 29 March 1794), known as Nicolas de Condorcet, was a French philosopher, political economist, politician, and mathematician. His ideas, including support for free markets, public education, constitutional government, and equal rights for women and people of all races, have been said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment, of which he has been called the "last witness", and Enlightenment rationalism. A critic of the constitution proposed by Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles in 1793, the Convention Nationale – and the Jacob